GIFT  OF 


SPECIAL  FEATURES 

IN  THE 

ADMINISTRATION 

OF  THE 

BERKELEY  HIGH  SCHOOL 


BERKELEY,  CALIFORNIA 
1914 


SPECIAL  FEATURES 

IN  THE 

ADMINISTRATION 

OF  THE 

C^JL, 

BERKELEY  HIGH  SCHOOL 


BERKELEY,  CALIFORNIA 
1914 


B 


Printed  by  the  students  in  the  Printing  Department 

Washington  Intermediate  School 

Berkeley,  California 

1914 


INDEX 

The  Advisory  System 5 

Public  Speaking 7 

School  Assemblies 9 

The  Dramatic  Club 1 2 

Journalism 13 

Music 16 

Athletics 17 

The  Method  of  Handling  School  Money 19 

General  Statement 1 9 

The  Official  Authorization 20 

Collection  of  Student  Dues 20 

The    Budget 23 

Authorization  System 24 

Class    Finances 27 

Class  Expenditures 28 

The  Weekly  News 28 

The  Class  Play ...29 

The  Olla  Podrida 29 

School   Fees 31 

The  Cafeteria 31 

The  Bookkeeping  Records 31 

Exhibit  A     Membership   Card 34 

Exhibit  B     Authorization  (3  parts)  35,  36,  37 

Exhibit  C     Voucher  Check 38 

Exhibit  D     Receipt  for  Student  Dues 39 

Exhibit  E     Authorization  to  use  credit  of  B.  H.  S 40 

Exhibit  F     Demand    for  Check 41 

Exhibit  G     Advertising  Contract 42 

Exhibit  H     Advertising   Receipt 43 

Exhibit  I     Ticket  for  Final  Pod 44 

Exhibit  J     Deposit  Slip ....44 


298614 


In  response  to  frequent  requests  for  an  explanation  of  the  method  of 
handling  various  activities  in  the  administration  of  the  Berkeley  High 
School,  this  account  has  been  prepared  with  the  assistance  of  the  teach- 
ers directly  responsible  for  their  success,  Miss  F.  W.  McLean,  Miss  G. 
L.  Henley,  Miss  Vera  M.  Percival,  Miss  O.  A.  Abendroth,  Mr.  E. 
W.  Barnhart,  and  Mr.  G.  B.  Moody.  We  have  tried  to  explain  with 
sufficient  fullness  to  be  helpful  and  still  keep  within  the  reasonable  limits 
of  a  brief  pamphlet.  The  report  has  been  prepared  with  the  hope  that 
it  may  be  useful  in  saving  others  time  and  needless  effort  in  working  out 
anew  some  problems  that  are  common  to  all  high  schools. 

C.  L.  Biedenbach, 
November,  1914.  Principal  Berkeley  High  School. 


of  the  Berkeley  High  School 


The  Advisory  System 

The  advisory  system  aims  to  bring  about  in  the  large  high  school 
that  close  connection  between  the  faculty  and  the  students  which  occurs 
naturally  in  the  small  high  school,  but  which  is  not  found  in  the  larger 
schools  unless  a  definite  effort  is  made  to  secure  it. 

As  conducted  in  the  Berkeley  High  School  the  system  is  briefly 
this.  The  entire  student  body  is  divided  into  sections,  of  the  same  grade, 
of  approximately  twenty-five  members  each,  with  boys  and  girls  in  sepa- 
rate sections.  These  sections  are  formed  when  a  class  first  enters  the  high 
school  and,  except  for  occasional  and  unavoidable  changes,  remain  the 
same  through  the  entire  three  years.  This  arrangement  affords  the  ad- 
viser opportunity  to  become  thoroughly  acquainted  with  the  members  of 
his  section  and  is  an  important  factor  in  the  success  of  the  system. 

The  duties  of  the  adviser  are  varied.  In  the  first  place  he  helps  his 
students  plan  their  high  school  course.  This  is  extremely  important 
work  and  demands  that  the  adviser  have  thorough  knowledge  of  the 
application  of  the  various  high  school  courses  to  the  future  that  each  in- 
dividual student  is  planning.  In  Berkeley,  where  a  very  large  proportion 
of  the  high  school  graduates  enter  the  University,  it  means  that  the  ad- 
viser must  be  familiar  with  the  courses  offered  by  the  University  and 
with  the  group  of  subjects  required  in  the  high  school  for  entrance  to 
these  courses.  In  any  community  the  adviser  should  know  the  require- 
ments for  entering  the  higher  educational  institutions  and  the  various 
fields  of  work  open  to  high  school  graduates  in  that  community.  The 
advisory  system  thus  becomes  a  simple  and  practical  form  of  vocational 
guidance. 

The  adviser  must  at  all  times  be  aware  of  the  quality  of  work  that 
is  being  done  by  his  students.  To  accomplish  this,  the  report  cards  which 
are  issued  three  times  each  semester,  are  sent  first  to  the  adviser,  who 
enters  the  grades  upon  his  private  record  (a  special  blank  is  provided  for 
this  purpose).  They  are  then  distributed  to  the  students.  In  this  way 
the  adviser  is  informed  of  the  record  his  advisory  students  are  making  and 
can  at  once  take  up  any  case  where  a  student  seems  to  be  failing  and 
special  action  is  necessary.  Between  the  dates  when  the  report  cards 


i- 

, 

is I 


6  Special  Features  in  the  jQdministration 

are  issued,  if  a  student  is  in  danger  of  failing  in  a  particular  subject,  the 
teacher  sends  to  his  adviser  a  deficiency  notice,  stating  that  fact.  The 
adviser  at  once  takes  up  the  matter  with  the  student  and  with  the  home, 
if  necessary,  and  is  frequently  able  to  stimulate  the  student  so  that  he 
finally  passes  in  the  work  where  he  would  otherwise  have  failed. 

Each  student  is  responsible  to  his  adviser  for  his  absences  from 
school.  At  the  end  of  every  day  the  office  notifies  the  adviser  of  the 
absences  of  his  advisory  students  and  on  the  following  day  the  student 
must  satisfy  his  adviser  as  to  the  reason  for  such  absence.  In  every  case 
where  the  explanation  is  not  entirely  satisfactory,  the  adviser  is  expected 
to  consult  with  the  student's  home  either  by  note  or  by  telephone.  This 
immediate  communication  with  the  parents  has  been  most  effective  in  cor- 
recting irregular  attendance.  The  small  number  of  absences  which  each 
adviser  has  to  investigate  makes  it  possible  for  him  to  do  it  thoroughly. 

There  is  a  fifteen  minute  advisory  period  every  day,  this  period 
coming  in  the  middle  of  the  morning.  Twice  a  week  there  is  a  general 
assembly  during  this  period,  once  for  assembly  singing  and  once  for  a 
student  program,  and  at  these  times  the  students  are  seated  in  the  aud- 
itorium according  to  advisory  sections,  with  their  advisers.  The  remaining 
three  days  the  advisers  meet  their  students  in  their  class  rooms  and  devote 
this  time  to  settling  questions  of  attendance,  course  of  study,  schedule,  etc. 
All  general  school  notices  are  read  at  this  time  thus  saving  the  interrupting 
of  recitations  for  this  purpose,  and  making  it  possible  for  the  principal, 
through  the  advisers,  to  direct  student  opinion  and  student  action  in  a 
most  effective  way. 

The  senior  class,  the  only  class  organized,  holds  its  meetings  at  this 
period,  a  most  satisfactory  plan,  resulting  in  a  full  attendance  of  the  class 
and  thus  making  any  class  action  fully  representative. 


of  the  Berkeley  High  School 


Public  Speaking 

Public  Speaking  is  an  optional  course  for  seniors.  Its  purpose  is  to 
train  the  boys  and  girls  so  they  may  be  able  to  take  an  active  part  later 
in  discussions  at  clubs,  at  political  meetings,  at  conferences,  at  chamber 
of  commerce  sessions,  and  on  all  those  occasions  today  when  men  and 
women  are  expected  to  express  their  opinions.  To  think  logically  upon 
questions  of  common  interest,  and  to  set  forth  one's  point  of  view  honestly 
and  clearly  to  others,  is  the  ideal  of  the  class. 

No  text  is  used,  except  a  manual  of  debate.  The  course  is  outlined 
by  the  teacher,  and  follows  three  lines  of  work. 

First.  There  are  exercises  in  the  proper  use  of  the  voice,  espec- 
ially with  reference  to  correct  breathing  and  clear  enunciation.  Along 
with  this,  posture  is  considered,  the  firmly  balanced  body  and  well  poised 
head  being  the  only  requirements. 

Second.  Various  recent  speeches  of  living  statesmen  are  studied  in 
class  as  suggestive  standards.  These  are  either  cut  from  the  newspaper, 
or  typed  from  a  magazine  copy  by  the  Commercial  Department  of  the 
school.  Roosevelt's  and  Wilson's  campaign  speeches,  Wilson's  Jackson 
Day  speech,  Taft's  speech  before  the  Daughters  of  the  Confederacy, 
Governor  Johnson's  speech  upon  The  Municipal  Ownership  of  Street 
Railways,  are  a  few  of  the  addresses  used  for  classroom  study.  The 
pupils  are  encouraged  to  attend  public  meetings  in  Berkeley,  and  to  re- 
port upon  the  addresses  they  hear.  A  number  of  these  pupils  form  a 
little  band  of  critics  at  nearly  every  public  meeting  in  the  High  School 
auditorium. 

Third.  Since  the  accent  of  this  course  is  upon  expression,  rather 
than  upon  interpretation  or  criticism,  the  greater  part  of  the  time  is  spent 
in  actual  practice  in  speech  making.  Extemporaneous  debates  on  ques- 
tions of  local  or  school  interest,  prepared  debates  upon  educational  and 
professional  questions,  after  dinner  speeches,  rally  speeches — these  are 
some  of  the  types  used,  while  the  class  resolves  itself,  for  the  time  being, 
into  some  kind  of  parliamentary  body,  such  as  the  subject  requires. 


8  Special  Features  in  the  Administration 

The  first  talk  of  the  course  is  on  the  topic,  "Why  I  am  Studying  Public 
Speaking,"  and  the  last  talk  is  on  the  topic,  "What  I  Have  Gained  from 
Studying  Public  Speaking."-  Promise  and  fulfillment  usually  tally,  and 
although  the  class,  as  representing  an  optional  course,  is  not  a  very  large 
one,  its  members  are  earnest,  industrious  and  enthusiastic. 

The  High  School  library  subscribes  to  a  considerable  list  of  maga- 
zines for  this  course  (The  Atlantic,  Century,  Scribner's,  Current  Opinion, 
The  Survey,  The  Outlook,  and  several  Eastern  dailies),  and  a  weekly 
reference  list  of  articles  on  current  topics  is  posted  by  the  teacher  on  the 
library  bulletin  board. 

The  closing  event  of  the  course  is  a  supper  in  the  school  cafeteria  on 
the  last  Monday  evening  of  the  term.  The  principal  of  the  school  and 
the  officials  of  the  student  association  are  guests,  and  every  member  of  the 
public  speaking  class  responds  to  a  proper  toast  and  gives  evidence  of 
how  far  he  is  mastei  of  his  thoughts  and  words. 


of  the  Berkeley  High  School  9 


School  Assemblies 

One  of  the  most  effective  ways  of  keeping  the  school  unified,  in 
spite  of  its  large  numbers,  is  the  Tuesday  and  Friday  Assembly.  Ev- 
ery Tuesday  morning  the  whole  school  gathers  in  the  auditorium  for  a 
twenty  minute  period  of  singing.  Faculty  and  pupils,  under  the  direc- 
tion of  the  music  teacher  and  accompanied  by  the  High  School  orchestra, 
join  in  singing  familiar  songs,  which  have  been  bound  in  a  little  book 
called  "Berkeley  High  School  Songs."  Among  these  are  two  original 
songs  by  High  School  pupils.  Some  three  or  four  new  songs  are  learned 
each  semester,  but  the  purpose  of  this  assembly  singing  is  not  so  much 
musical  instruction  as  social  fellowship  and  good  feeling. 

The  Friday  Assembly  is  a  means  of  keeping  pupils  and  teachers 
acquainted  with  the  varied  interests  and  pursuits  of  one  another.  A 
fifteen  minute  program  is  presented  by  some  department  or  organization 
of  the  school,  and  for  this  biief  but  significant  period  of  time  the  school 
feels  and  thinks  as  one  organic  whole,  and  that  intangible  thing  we  call 
school  spirit  finds  its  expression. 

At  first  it  was  somewhat  difficult  to  find  pupils  willing  to  take  part 
in  these  programs  and  face  an  audience  of  a  thousand  schoolmates,  but 
today  various  groups  of  pupils,  such  as  the  Forum  (the  debating  club), 
the  Camera  Club,  and  the  staff  of  the  school  paper,  are  asking  to  be 
scheduled  for  certain  Fridays,  that  they  may  present  matters  of  importance 
to  their  interests  to  the  other  pupils. 

Last  year  all  the  school  holidays—  Lincoln  Day,  Admission  Day, 
Discovery  Day,  Luther  Burbank  Day,  etc.,  were  celebrated  by  a  fit- 
ting program  given  at  these  assemblies;  the  various  school  events — the 
Dramatic  Club  Play,  the  Senior  Show,  the  School  Vaudeville,  etc., 
were  given  an  advertising  program;  the  various  departments  presented 
phases  of  their  work— the  pupils  in  the  Commercial  Department  gave  a 
program  illustrating  advertising  methods,  the  Chemistry  pupils  gave  some 
experiments  on  combustion;  and  there  were  several  outside  speakers, 
among  them  Mr.  Archibald  Flower  of  Stratford-on-Avon,  who  spoke  of 
the  Shakespeare  revival. 


10  Special  Features  in  the  Administration 

Some  typical  programs  were  as  follows: 

Luther  Burbank  Program 
By  the  Botany  Class 

Addresses. 

1 .  Burbank  Fruits  and  Vegetables. 

2.  Burbank  Flowers. 

3.  Protection  of  Our  Shade  Trees. 

4.  Spring's  Opening  Day. 

Admission  Day  Program 
By  the  History  Department 

Addresses. 

1 .  The  California  State  Flag. 

2.  The  First  Constitutional  Convention. 

3.  The  State  Seal. 

Portola  Program 

By  the  Spanish  Classes 

1 .  Address  on  the  Discovery  of  San  Francisco  Bay. 

2.  Dialogue  in  Spanish  between  Junipero  Serra  and  Don  Gas- 

par  de  Portola. 

By  two  pupils  dressed  in  character. 

School  Decoration  Program 
By  the  Art  Department 

Addresses. 

1 .  The  Selection  of  Pictures. 

2.  The  Arrangement  of  Pictures. 

Washington  Memorial  Program 
By  the  Music  and  Modern  Languages  Departments 

National  Hymns 

1.  Address:  Washington,  the  Man  of  Peace. 

2.  Die  Wacht  am  Rhein,  the  German  Classes. 

3.  Hymno  Nacional  Mejicano,  Spanish  Classes. 

4.  La  Marseillaise,  French  Classes. 

5.  Address:  The  Story  of  Our  National  Song. 

6.  The  Star  Spangled  Banner,  Whole  School. 


of  the  Berkeley  High  School  11 

Program  for  the  Close  of  School 

Review  of  the  Term's  Activities 

1 .  Music.     Hail,  Berkeley  High! 

2.  The  School  Papers. 

3.  Boys'  Athletics. 

4.  Girls'  Athletics. 

5.  The  Science  Clubs. 

6.  The  French  Club. 

7.  Music.     Welcome,  Sweet  Spring. 

8.  The  Dramatic  Club. 

9.  Commercial  Activities. 

1 0.  The  Greek  Club. 
1  1 .  Debating. 

12.  Mu'sical  Activities. 

1  3.  Vacation  Wishes. 

14.  Violin  Solo. 

1  5 .  Introduction  of  the  new  President  of  the  Student  Association. 

1 6.  Awarding  of  "B's." 

1  7.  Introduction  of  new  Yell  Leader. 

1 8.  Music.     Here's  to  Our  Berkeley  High  School. 

These  semi-weekly  assemblies  have  become  a  strong  power  for 
knitting  together  the  different  parts  of  a  large  school  in  bonds  of  mutual 
interest  and  respect.  Bashful,  retiring  pupils  have  been  brought  to '  the 
front;  and  desire  to  share  experiences  and  joys  with  one  another  has  been 
cultivated;  breadth  of  sympathy  has  been  established;  and  loyalty  and 
camaraderie  have  been  created. 


12  Special  Features  in  the  Administration 


The  Dramatic  Club 

The  Dramatic  Club  is  the  outcome  of  the  young  people's  natural 
fondness  for  taking  part  in  plays  and  the  teachers'  wish  to  encourage f 
for  educational  and  social  reasons,  an  instinct  so  natural  and  beautiful 
and  so  conducive  to  a  rich  artistic  life  in  the  school.  Membership  in 
the  club  is  open  to  the  whole  school,  and  tryouts  are  not  limited  to  the 
membership  but  are  open  to  the  whole  school  also.  There  are  no  dues, 
for  all  the  expenses  of  staging  a  play  are  easily  met,  with  a  small  balance 
over,  by  the  proceeds  from  the  twenty-five  cent  admission  price  to  the 
performance. 

The  object  of  the  club  is  to  present  a  Shakespeare  play  every 
spring  in  a  sincere  and  lovely  manner  that  shall  give  pleasure  of  a  fine 
type  to  the  participants  and  to  the  audience.  This  play  represents  the 
work  and  interests  of  many  departments  of  the  school,  and  is,  therefore, 
an  evidence  of  the  spirit  of  co-operation.  The  Art  Department  designs 
the  costumes  and  assists  in  the  stage  setting;  the  Household  Arts  De- 
partment makes  the  costumes;  the  Mechanical  Arts  Department  assists  in 
building  stage  properties;  the  Commercial  Department  manages  the  finan- 
cial end;  the  Science  Department  assists  in  any  electric  lighting  effects; 
the  Physical  Education  Department  has  charge  of  the  dancing;  the  Music 
Department  furnishes  the  orchestra  and  trains  for  any  music  necessary 
upon  the  stage;  the  English  Department  does  the  coaching  and  has  gen- 
eral supervision  of  the  staging  of  the  play;  and  the  Class  in  Journalism 
and  the  school  paper  see  that  the  play  is  properly  advertised,  not  for  lead- 
ing characters,  but  as  a  school  production,  in  the  local  papers. 

The  club  has  thus  far  presented  The  Winter's  Tale,  Act  IV,  at 
the  Greek  Theater,  by  invitation  of  the  English  Club  of  the  University; 
and  A  Midsummer  Night's  Dream,  and  As  You  Like  It,  in  the  High 
School  auditorium. 

The  uniting  of  so  many  varied  groups  of  teachers  and  pupils  in  the 
production  of  a  beautiful  and  noble  drama,  which  creates  a  magnetic 
center  of  interest,  does  much  for  the  harmonizing  and  uplifting  of  the 
school  life. 


of  the  Berkeley  High  School  13 


Journalism 

The  story  of  journalism  in  Berkeley  High  School  has  been  the  fam- 
iliar story  of  that  activity  in  the  majority  of  secondary  schools.  Occas- 
ional good  numbers  of  monthly  magazines  and  "finals"  have  been  out- 
weighed by  the  large  proportion  of  poor  issues,  unrepresentative  of  the 
•school  life,  with  poorly  printed  pages  of  poorly  written  articles,  question- 
able jokes  and  cartoons.  The  misuse  of  funds  and  trade  advertisements 
has  been  serious,  yet  common.  Faculty  aid  has  been  intermittent  and  gen- 
erally resented  by  the  Staffs.  Today,  however,  the  journalism  of  this 
school  is  in  a  sound  and  healthy  state. 

Since  the  spring  of  1 9 1  2,  the  Berkeley  High  School  has  published 
The  Weekly  News  every  Monday  morning.  This  newspaper  aims 
to  present  concise  accounts  of  recent  school  events  and  through  its  news 
and  editorial  columns  to  unify  and  uplift  the  students'  various  interests. 
The  dollar  fee  collected  annually  from  every  pupil  includes  a  subscription 
to  the  paper.  Eight  local  advertisements  furnish  its  weekly  income. 
Before  the  beginning  of  each  semester,  the  contract  for  the  printing  is 
awarded  to  the  local  printer  offering  the  lowest  bid.  The  careful,  sys- 
tematic auditing  of  the  finances  is  described  under  the  management  of 
school  funds. 

Assisting  the  editor  and  manager  are  a  staff  of  eight  students,  a  fac- 
ulty adviser,  and  the  auditor.  The  associates  are  selected  by  the  editor 
and  manager  and  approved  by  the  faculty  representative  and  the  prin- 
cipal. As  far  as  possible  they  are  drawn  from  students  who  have  taken 
the  course  in  high  school  journalism.  Only  those  who  have  successfully 
completed  this  course  are  eligible  to  become  candidates  for  the  offices  of 
editor  and  manager.  Popular  ballot  names  the  winners  who  are  elected 
to  edit  and  manage  not  only  The  Weekly  News,  but  also  The  Olla 
Podrida,  the  illustrated  semi-annual  record  of  school  life. 

Staff  meetings  are  held  every  Monday  afternoon  when,  special  news 
and  editorial  assignments  are  made,  and  policies  are  discussed.  All  the 
articles  possible  are  handed  in  Tuesday  and  Wednesday.  On  Friday 
afternoons  the  staff  meets  for  the  last  work  on  the  copy,  which,  accord- 


14  Special  Features  in  the  Administration 

ing  to  the  contract,  must  be  in  the  printer's  hands  not  later  than  eight 
o'clock  Saturday  morning.  No  article  may  be  printed  without  the  ap- 
proval of  the  faculty  adviser.  Today  the  staff  voluntarily  taboos  slang, 
gossip,  adverse  criticism  of  the  faculty  and  other  schools. 

Hie  Olla  Podrida,  the  illustrated  review  of  the  school  life  spoken  of 
previously,  makes  its  appearance  every  December  and  May  and  is 
dedicated  to  each  high  senior  class.  It  reserves  a  large  number  of  pages 
for  senior  photographs,  student  records,  class  history,  and  other  interests 
of  the  graduating  class.  It  is  published  without  advertisements.  No  lit- 
erary section  is  included  in  the  book  at  present.  It  is  hoped,  however, 
that  the  school  will  ultimately  have  a  small  magazine  which  will  put  into 
school  circulation  and  preserve  the  best  essays,  stories,  and  poems  of  the 
students. 

The  Olla  Podrida  printing  and  engraving  contracts  are  let  early 
in  the  semester  to  lowest  bidders  with  the  understanding  that  all  art 
and  written  work  must  bear  the  signature  of  the  faculty  art  representative 
and  the  special  journalism  adviser.  All  copy  for  the  "Final"  now  goes 
to  the  printer  in  typewritten  form  with  accurate  duplicates  kept  by  the 
editor.  One  typewriting  machine  is  reserved  in  the  typing  room  for 
Weekly  News  and  Olla  Podrida  work. 

The  editor  and  manager  are  aided  by  a  group  of  associate  literary 
editors,  drawn  as  far  as  possible  from  the  high  school  journalism  class  and 
entirely  independent  of  the  News  staff,  an  art,  and  a  camera  staff,  the 
last  two  groups  being  determined  by  competition.  The  fine  graflex 
camera  now  owned  by  the  school  is  used  for  all  the  photographic  work 
except  the  snapshots  of  student  life  and  the  professionally  taken  pictures 
of  the  seniors.  A  faculty  member  of  the  chemistry  department  is  cus- 
todian of  the  camera  and  a  member  of  the  enthusiastic  Camera  Club 
which  has  grown  out  of  the  competitions  held  for  The  Olla  Podrida. 

The  course  in  high  school  journalism  is  an  elective  course,  which 
may  be  substituted  for  High  Eleven  English,  and  is  open  to  pupils  who 
receive  first  or  second  grade  in  the  English  work  of  the  preceding 
term.  No  text  book  is  used  in  this  course,  the  class  making  its  own  man- 
ual. The  work  begins  with  the  history  of  the  newspaper  and  a  study  of 
modern  newspapers,  such  as  the  Chicago  Daily  Tribune,  the  New  York 
Sun,  and  the  New  York  Times,  with  practice  in  writing  leads,  complete 
news  stories,  and  the  use  of  a  style  book.  The  history  of  the  magazine 


of  the  Berkeley  High  School  15 

follows  with  the  writing  of  editorials,  play  reviews,  and  other  forms  of  the 
essay.  Following  this  is  the  last  six  weeks  study  of  the  short  story.  Stu- 
dents taking  this  course  keep  in  constant  touch  with  literary  models,  the 
study  of  them,  however,  being  carried  on  as  collateral  reading.  Palmer's 
Self-Cultivation  in  English,  Franklin's  Autobiography,  essays  of  Addison 
and  Steele  from  the  Tatler  and  Spectator,  Goldsmith's  Vicar  of  Wakefield, 
three  months  of  the  current  numbers  of  The  Atlantic  Monthly,  and  many 
of  the  best  short  stories  are  studied  or  read  with  oral  and  written  reports 
and  discussions. 

Five  or  six  issues  of  The  Weekly  News  are  published  by  the  jour- 
nalism, class,  the  members  electing  their  editor  and  appointing  themselves 
competing  assistants  to  their  leader.  Practice  in  writing,  preparing  copy, 
proof-reading,  and  distributing  the  paper  are  thus  given.  The  class  also 
acts  as  publicity  committee,  preparing  press  notices  for  the  local  and  city 
papers,  posters,  and  programs  for  all  the  school  activities  (such  as  the 
Shakespearian  festival)  which  require  them. 

With  their  gradual  building  up,  the  school  papers  should 
serve  more  and  more,  not  only  as  a  strong  force  in  amalgamating  the  stu- 
dent interests,  but  also  as  an  important  bridge  across  the  chasm,  already 
too  wide,  between  the  home  and  high  school.  Nor  is  it  impossible  to 
foresee  possible  service  the  school  paper  may  accomplish  in  time  along 
certain  business  and  civic  problems  of  the  community.  The  frequent 
page  or  columns  in  the  town  or  city  newspapers  written  by  students  in 
the  English  classes,  (independent  of  the  journalism  course  these  may  be) 
are  valuable  initial  steps  along  these  lines. 

One  of  the  greatest  and  most  delicate  problems  of  all  in  connection 
with  this  high  school  activity  is  that  the  faculty  adviser  shall  not  rob  the 
students  of  their  initiative  or  originality,  nor  blight  the  natural  spontaneity 
of  youth.  There  is  no  doubt,  however,  that  there  should  always  be  a 
teaching  representative  working  with  school  staffs  on  journalistic  activities. 

The  following  books  are  helpful  in  the  journalism  course: 

Newspaper  Reporting  and  Correspondence.     Hyde.     Appleton 

&Co. 
Essentials  in  Journalism.     Harrington  and  Frankenburg.     Ginn 

&Co. 

The  Writing  of  News.     Ross.     Henry  Holt  &  Co. 
Newspaper  Writing  and  Editing.     Bleyer.     Houghton,  Mifflin. 
Writing  the  Short  Story.     Essenwein. 


16  Special  Features  in  the  Administration 


Music 

The  music  department  teaches  all  branches  of  music  to  its  regular 
pupils  and  also  has  charge  of  all  music  connected  with  the  student  activ- 
ities. This  controls  the  type  of  music  for  all  occasions  and  sets  a  proper 
standard  for  popular  music.  By  this  method  the  best  results  are  obtained 
without  friction.  In  fact,  a  low  type  of  music  is  no  longer  a  question  for 
discussion  either  by  the  student  body  or  by  those  who  furnish  the  music. 

The  high  school  band,  composed  of  twenty-five  members,  furnishes 
music  for  student  rallies  and  games,  and  occasionally  plays  concerts  in  the 
auditorium  and  in  the  courtyard.  The  band  music  consists  chiefly  of 
good  marches  and  school  songs,  although  standard  selections  and  over- 
tures are  worked  up  for  concerts.  The  result  of  placing  the  music 
teacher  of  the  school  at  the  head  of  the  band  and  orchestra  has  been  to 
raise  the  standard  of  music  played  by  both  organizations.  The  music 
department  believes  in  the  best  music  for  students,  suited,  of  course,  to  the 
musical  comprehension  of  the  high  school  student  age. 

In  the  choral  work,  special  attention  is  paid  to  tone  quality.  No 
harsh,  forced  singing  is  permitted,  and  careful  attention  to  the  details  of 
phrasing,  expression,  and  enunciation  has  resulted  in  chorus  singing  of 
considerable  polish  in  these  classes. 

All  students  in  ensemble  singing  or  playing  are  trained  to  watch 
and  obey  the  director's  baton  and  free  hand.  This  training  shows  to 
.excellent  advantage  in  the  orchestra  where  each  instrument  must  fit  ex- 
actly into  its  own  place  in  the  music.  No  careless  playing  is  permit- 
ted among  the  violins  where  the  tendency  towards  carelessness  is  us- 
ually strongest,  and  the  bowing  is  carefully  watched  by  the  director. 
Each  student-player  is  held  to  his  highest  efficiency  in  execution  by  the 
director  who  insists  on  true  intonation,  and  works  for  correct  and  artistic  in- 
terpretation. This  has  produced  an  orchestra  said  by  conservative  critics 
to  be  excelled  by  no  other  of  its  kind  in  the  country.  The  high  school 
orchestra  furnishes  music  for  all  of  the  school  exercises  and  entertainments. 

By  having  all  of  the  musical  organizations  which  exert  an  influence 
upon  the  pupils  act  in  harmony  and  quietly  uphold  the  best  standards,  the 
taste  of  the  whole  school  has  been  elevated  and  the  demand  for  the  low- 
er types  of  music,  which  is  so  strong  in  high  schools  generally,  has  prac- 
tically ceased. 


of  the  Berkeley  High  School  17 


Athletics 

Athletics  in  the  Berkeley  High  School  are  a  part  of  the  work  of 
the  department  of  physical  education.  Football,  baseball,  basketball,  etc., 
are  considered  as  developmental  exercises,  and  as  such  are  under  the 
control  of  the  physical  director,  just  as  much  as  the  drills  on  the  gymnas- 
ium floor  are  under  his  control.  The  physical  director  is  head  "coach" 
of  all  branches  of  athletics.  This  does  not  mean  that  he  does  all  of  the 
coaching,  for  that  would  be  impossible.  But  he  picks  the  men  who 
shall  do  the  coaching  and  outlines  the  policy  to  be  followed  out  in  the 
coaching.  The  captains  of  the  teams  are  the  real  coaches.  They  are  in 
charge  of  the  boys  on  the  field  and  are  responsible  for  their  conduct  to 
the  physical  director.  Graduate  students  of  the  high  school  may  be  al- 
lowed to  come  back  and  help  the  boys  in  the  different  sports. 

The  managing  of  all  teams  is  in  the  hands  of  the  physical  dire:tor. 
He  fixes  the  time  of  games,  appoints  the  officials,  and  selects  all  athletic 
materials  to  be  bought  by  the  school.  He  is  responsible  to  the  principal 
for  the  conduct  of  the  boys  on  the  field  or  on  a  trip. 

This  system  of  athletic  control  brings  about  many  improvemenstr 
firstly,  more  boys  have  an  opportunity  to  take  part  in  athletics;  secondly, 
a  more  gentlemanly  set  of  boys  are  likely  to  represent  the  school  on  the 
various  teams,  thereby  reducing  the  opportunity  for  misconduct;  thirdly, 
leakage  from  school  funds  by  misappropriation  of  gate  receipts  and  ath- 
letic goods  and  the  acceptance  of  gifts  by  students  for  favors  done  in  plac- 
ing orders  is  eliminated;  and  lastly,  there  appears  in  the  school  a  much 
finer  spirit,  a  unity  of  purpose  and  idea  that  was  lacking  under  the  old 
system. 

The  five  high  schools  of  Oakland,  Alameda,  and  Berkeley  have  an 
athletic  league  for  the  purpose  of  regulating  interschool  athletics.  By  re- 
cent enactments  of  the  Boards  of  Education  concerned  the  control  of 
this  league  has  been  put  into  the  hands  of  the  five  physical  directors  of 
the  schools. 

This  committee  arranges  for  interschool  games,  selects  officials,  chooses 
the  field,  fixes  the  time,  etc.  In  addition  to  the  managerial  end  of  their 


18  Special  Features  in  the  Administration 

work,  this  committee  determines  the  policy  in  regard  to  athletics  in  these 
schools.  The  members  of  this  committee  consider  athletics  from  a  devel- 
opmental standpoint;  they  fix  the  number  of  games  in  which  a  boy  may 
play  during  a  season,  the  length  of  time  of  the  games,  the  number  of  prac- 
tises a  week,  and  the  length  of  these  practises.  Thus  the  committee 
takes  care  of  not  only  the  managerial  work  connected  with  athletic  rela- 
tions between  schools,  but  also  the  relation  between  the  boy  and  athlet- 
ics, making  the  different  branches  of  sport  factors  in  the  proper  develop- 
ment of  the  boy,  and  not  laying  the  boy  open  to  permanent  injury,  phy- 
sical or  mental  or  moral,  or  all  of  these,  which  has  so  often  heretofore  been 
the  result  of  participation  in  athletics. 


of  the  Berkeley  High  School  19 


The  Method  of  Handling  School  Money 

For  the  purpose  of  simplifying  the  explanation  of  a  rather  large  task 
this  report  has  been  divided  into  the  following  parts. 

1 .  A  general  statement. 

2.  The  official  authorization. 

3.  The  collection  of  Associated  Student  dues. 

4.  The  budget. 

5.  The  authorization  system. 

6.  The  Olla  Podrida. 

7.  Class  finances. 

8.  The  class  play. 

9.  The  Weekly  News. 

10.  School  fees. 

1  1 .  The  cafeteria. 

1 2.  The  bookkeeping  system. 

General  Statement 

The  general  principles  underlying  the  handling  of  school  money 
are  in  keeping  with  the  principles  of  the  administration  of  the  entire 
school.  Every  activity  has  a  teacher  in  charge,  who  is  responsible  for 
its  proper  administration.  In  the  handling  of  school  money,  the  auditor, 
who  is  a  member  of  the  faculty,  has  a  corps  of  students  in  advanced 
bookkeeping  who  do  the  actual  entering  and  handling  of  money  under  his 
supervision.  All  the  work  that  can  be  done  by  the  student  cashiers,  tel- 
lers, bookkeepers,  and  clerks  is  put  in  their  charge  and  they  are  respon- 
sible for  the  correctness  of  what  they  do.  _. 

This  method  of  supervision  and  guidance  is  not  an  end  in  itself. 
The  result  sought  is  democracy  in  school  life  and  the  training  of  those 
who  participate  by  those  whose  experience  and  skill  fit  them  to  handle 
the  activity.  The  strict  supervision  of  all  student  dues,  payments,  and 
accounting  has  this  equality  and  training  for  Us  object.  Collections  arg, 
handled  so  that  all  contribute,  not  merely  the  few.  The  sum  each 


20  Special  Features  in  the  jldministration 

pupil  has  to  pay  in  the  course  of  a  semester,  or  of  a  year,  is  easily  within 
the  means  of  all.  Once  the  student  dues  for  the  year  are  paid,  the  other 
demands  upon  the  purses  of  the  pupils  are  small.  There  are  no  admis- 
sions to  games  and  no  assessments.  Class  dues  are  allowed  in  the  Senior 
class  only.  Beyond  his  student  dues  the  pupil  is  liable  to  an  occasional 
25  or  50  cent  expenditure  for  a  school  entertainment  or  the  school 
magazine.  A  senior  may  add  from  one  to  two  dollars  for  special  expenses 
such  as  the  class  pictures,  the  class  party  and  the  senior  show. 

To  do  as  much  in  the  way  of  carrying  on  school  activities  as  the 
Berkeley  High  school  does  on  such  small  charges  to  the  students,  strict 
economy  and  careful  management  are  necessary.  This  is  as  it  should  be. 
In  a  democracy  no  educational  institution  supported  by  the  public  should 
countenance  anything  but  a  practise  of  those  principles  which  make  a 
democracy  a  reality.  A  commercial  department  can  teach  business  prin- 
ciples with  but  indifferent  success  if  it  cannot  practise  them  or  train  pupils 
in  their  observance. 

In  addition  to  acting  as  cashier  and  bookkeeper  for  the  school,  the 
auditor  is  charged  with  enforcing  the  rules  governing  the  finances.  He 
is  not  only  a  bookkeeper;  he  is  also  an  administrative  officer  who  is  re- 
sponsible for  the  financial  system  of  the  school,  whether  it  be  Associated 
Student,  class  or  other  organization  whose  money  is  involved. 

The  Official  Authorization 

The  official  authorization  for  the  methods  followed  is  found  in  the 
following  resolutions  of  the  Board  of  Education: 

All  collections  and  expenditures  of  money  by  classes  or  other  organ- 
izations in  the  High  School  are  forbidden  unless  under  the  direct  control 
of  the  principal  or  some  teacher  delegated  by  him. 

Pupils  shall  not  solicit  advertisements  for  school  papers,  programs, 
handbooks,  etc.,  without  the  permission  of  the  principal  of  the  school. 

There  are  also  certain  standing  rules  of  the  school,  the  most  important 
one  being  that  no  charge  is  to  be  incurred  against  the  school  or  any  organ- 
ization or  activity  in  it,  unless  a  written  authorization  has  been  issued  in 
advance. 

The  Constitution  of  the  Associated  Students  of  Berkeley  High  School 
creates  a  Board  of  Control  which  is  the  governing  body  of  the  Asso- 
ciation. This  Board  elects  from  the  faculty  the  Association  treasurer, 


of  the  Berkeley  High  School  21 

purchasing  agent,  and  auditor.     The   following  sections  from  the  Con- 
stitution are  fundamental  to  an  understanding  of  the    school    finances: 
Article  VII.     Section  3.     The  Finance  Committee  shall  consist  of 
the  president  of  the  Associated  Student  Body,  and  the  auditor. 

a.  It  shall  pass  on  the  merits  of  all  contemplated  contracts  and  ex- 
penditures.    No  contract  can  be  accepted  and  no  expenditure  authorized 
that  has  not  first  been  submitted  to  the  Finance  Committee  and  passed 
upon  by  it. 

b.  It  shall  have  the  power  to  authorize  the  expenditure  of  any  and 
all  sums  of  money  not  to  exceed  the  sum  of  ten  dollars  ($  1 0),  and  shall 
report  all  expenditures  so  authorized  by  it  at  the  next  meeting  of  the 
Board. 

c.  Contemplated  expenditures  on  all  contracts  calling  for  more  than 
the  aforesaid  amount  will  receive  the  Finance  Committee's  recommend- 
ation of  approval  or  disapproval  with  its  reasons  therefor  fully  expressed 
in  writing,  and  be  then  submitted  to  the  Board  of  Control  for  final  dis- 
position. 

d.  The  Board  of  Control  shall  recognize  the  recommendation  of 
the  Finance  Committee  as  expert  advice  but  may  reject  it  by  five  votes 
contra,  and  accept  it  by  a  majority. 

e.  The  printing  and  issuance  of  all  tickets,  including  Associated 
S'udent  tickets,  and  tickets  to  all  games,  conzerts,  shows,  plays  given  under 
the  auspices  of  the  Associated  Students  shall    be   in    the   hands  of  this 
Committee. 

Article  XII.  Section  6.  Any  officer  or  member  of  this  Association 
who  makes  any  purchase  chargeable  to  this  Association  not  authorized 
in  the  manner  herein  provided,  shall  forfeit  his  office  at  once.  Should 
the  Board  of  Control  fail  to  act  within  three  days,  the  principal  shall  de- 
clare the  office  vacant.  The  bill  for  the  said  purchase  shall  be  satisfied 
by  the  person  who  incurred  it,  within  five  days,  and  if  not  so  satisfied 
shall  be  sent  from  the  principal's  office  to  the  parent  or  guardian  of  said 
person  by  registered  mail. 

Collection  of  the  Student  Dues 

At  the  opening  of  each  semester,  each  adviser  is  given  by  the 
auditor  as  many  Associated  Student  Membership  Cards  as  he  has  ad- 
visees who  do  not  already  hold  cards  in  force  foi  the  semester  then  be- 


22  Special  Features  in  the  A  ^ministration 

ginning.  These  cards  are  receipts  for  the  yearly  dues  of  one  dollar. 
Only  the  holders  of  these  cards  are  entitled  to  the  special  privileges  of 
the  Association;  to  vote,  to  hold  office,  to  be  a  candidate,  to  participate 
in  any  contest  as  a  representative  of  the  school,  to  use  the  property  of  the 
Association,  to  receive  the  Weekly  News,  etc.  They  are  good  for  a 
calendar  year,  and  are  not  transferable,  being  forfeited  if  used  by  any 
other  person. 

Each  semester  a  new  series  of  cards  for  the  calendar  year  then  be- 
ginning is  issued.  These  differ  from  one  another  in  color  and  serial  num- 
ber; but  the  form  and  general  wording  is  permanent.  (See  exhibit  A.) 

Upon  the  payment  of  a  dollar  to  the  adviser,  a  card  with  the 
stub  attached  is  given  the  pupil,  who  then  signs  both  the  card  and  the 
stub  and  returns  the  stub  to  the  adviser.  The  adviser  signs  the  stub 
as  a  receipt  for  the  money. 

The  adviser  deposits  with  the  school  cashier  all  money  collected. 
A  regular  bank  deposit  slip  is  used,  being  made  out  in  duplicate  by 
writing  A.S.B.H.S.  on  the  first  line,  the  adviser's  name  upon  the  second 
line,  and  the  numbers  of  the  cards  sold  on  the  body  of  the  deposit  slip. 
The  entry  of  the  numbers  upon  the  deposit  slip  is  a  check  upon  all  con- 
cerned; it  prevents  the  adviser  from  depositing  for  the  sale  of  the  same 
card  twice;  it  gives  him  a  definite  receipt  for  his  deposit;  and  it  enables 
the  auditor  to  check  up  the  sale  of  the  cards  against  the  receipts  reported 
by  the  cashier. 

After  depositing,  each  adviser  has  as  many  dollars  receipted  for  oh 
his  duplicate  slips,  as  he  has  stubs  in  his  possession.  These  stubs,  dupli- 
cates, and  unsold  tickets  are  retained  by  the  adviser  until  collected  by 
the  auditor.  The  stubs  are  filed  as  a  card  index  to  the  membership  of 
the  Association  and  the  number  of  stubs  so  filed  is  checked  against  the 
dues  deposited.  The  duplicate  deposit  slips  received  from  the  advisers 
furnish  the  treasurer  with  a  record  of  the  money  received  and  its  source, 
so  that  he  has  a  check  upon  the  auditor  and  the  cashier. 

From  time  to  time  during  the  early  part  of  the  semester  the  advis- 
ers are  requested  to  report  upon  the  payments  received,  the  number  of 
their  advisees  who  have  not  paid,  and  if  there  be  any  of  their  advisees 
who  decline  to  pay  for  the  benefits  conferred  upon  each  pupil  in  the 
school  by  the  Students'  Association.  Those  few  pupils  who  through 
indifference  to  their  obligations  refuse  to  pay  are  interviewed  by  the  prin- 


of  the  Berkeley  High  School  23 

cipal  in  the  hope  that  they  may  come  to  see  what  these  benefits  are,  and 
to  realize  the  necessity  of  each  pupil  paying  his  dues  for  the  general 
good.  The  democracy  of  common  burdens  for  the  common  good  is 
preached  and  practised.  We  say  few  advisedly,  for  in  the  school  year 
of  1913-14,  1186  pupils  paid  their  dues,  practically  everyone. 

The  exceptional  number  of  year  memberships  makes  the  year's  in- 
come rather  definite,  so  that  plans  for  the  activities  of  the  entire  year  can 
be  made  at  the  beginning  of  the  term  and  carried  out  without  fear  of  de- 
ficit due  to  a  too  lavish  expenditure  for  the  sports  and  activities  which 
come  earliest  in  the  season.  Football  and  baseball  cannot  monopolize 
the  collections  for  the  halfyear,  for  the  amount  each  of  these  is  to  spend  has 
been  determined,  and  that  determination  has  had  due  regard  for  the 
other  activities. 

The  Budget 

All  the  money  received  from  dues,  and  all  money  received  from 
any  source  whatever,  from  games,  rebates,  refunds,  etc.,  goes  to  the  gen- 
eral fund  of  the  Association.  The  activities  which  produce  a  revenue 
do  not  spend  that  income;  it  is  the  propsrty  of  the  Association  and  has 
become  a  part  of  the  general  fund.  The  purpose  of  this  is  to  remove 
the  money-making  influence  from  our  school  athletics.  To  further  this 
idea,  the  Berkeley  High  School  charges  no  admission  to  any  game  or 
contest  to  which  it  is  a  party;  it  being  always  stipulated  that  the  member- 
ship cards  held  by  students  are  to  be  honored.  If  there  are  any  expenses 
attached  to  the  meet,  our  share  is  paid  the  same  as  any  other  bill. 
Where  any  outsiders  attend  and  pay  admission,  it  is  stipulated  that 
the  contest  expenses  shall  be  taken  from  these  admissions.  In  the  course 
of  a  year  the  income  from  these  sources  is  not  large,  so  that  the  student 
dues  furnish  most  of  our  available  funds. 

Within  a  few  days  after  the  opening  of  a  semester,  the  Board  of 
Control  with  the  principal  and  those  teachers  who  are  either  officers  of 
the  Association  or  special  advisers  to  some  activities,  hold  an  informal 
meeting  and  after  hearing  the  plans  and  requests  for  money  determine 
how  much  each  activity  may  have  for  its  use  during  that  semester.  After 
two  or  three  weeks  the  amount  available  for  the  year  is  approximately 
seen.  Then  if  the  tentative  budget  proves  to  be  too  large,  a  budget  com- 
mittee goes  over  the  first  estimates  and  with  the  figures  from  the  expend- 


24  Special  Features  in  the  Administration 

iture  of  the  previous  terms  as  a  basis,  trims  down  those  requests  that  seem 
to  be  too  large.  Regard  is  always  had  for  a  good  working  margin  of 
the  general  fund.  This  as  the  source  of  all  unexpected  expenditures,  in 
support  for  the  minor  activities  not  needing  an  apportionment,  of 
additional  apportionments,  and  of  the  administrative  expenses  for  the  sem- 
ester is  never  depleted  so  as  to  cripple  the  organization.  Then,  too,  about 
half  the  expected  income  for  each  year  must  be  held  until  the  next  semester. 

After  the  budget  is  well  within  the  income  for  the  semester,  an  ap- 
portionment is  made  to  each  activity  supported  by  the  Association.  This 
apportionment  is  not  necessarily  final;  an  additional  sum  may  be  granted, 
or  that  already  made  may  be  revoked  if  circumstances  demand  it.  Nor 
does  the  apportionment  mean  that  the  activity  is  expected  to  spend  that 
amount  of  money.  Usually  there  is  a  balance  at  the  end  of  the  term, 
which  is  then  turned  into  the  General  Fund,  there  being  no  carrying 
over  of  unexpended  balances  from  one  term  to  another.  No  activity 
receives  any  money  except  through  a  vote  of  the  Board  of  Control. 

At  the  time  the  temporary  budget  is  adopted  partial  apportionments 
are  made  to  those  activities  which  start  work  as  soon  as  the  semester 
begins.  These  partial  apportionments  are  subtracted  from  the  total 
finally  granted.  This  method  has  been  adopted  to  insure  an  early  start 
for  the  earliest  activities,  and  protection  for  those  which  begin  at  the  lat- 
ter part  of  the  semester. 

Authorization  System 

The  Finance  Committee  has  the  power  to  authorize  the  expenditure 
of  any  sum  not  exceeding  $  1  0.  For  expenditures  exceeding  this  sum, 
the  committee  must  report  on  their  advisability  to  the  Board.  The  Board 
may  accept  this  recommendation  by  a  majority  vote,  or  may  reject  it  by 
a  vote  of  five  against.  All  contracts  calling  for  expenditures  some  time 
in  the  future  must  receive  the  approval  of  this  committee,  and  then  be 
passed  by  the  Board.  If  the  expenditures  called  for  by  a  contract  are 
greater  than  $  1 0  for  any  one  payment,  a  vote  of  the  Board  is  needed 
to  authorize  the  payment. 

Since  most  of  the  expenditures  are  sums  less  than  $  1 0,  the  Finance 
Committee  spends  most  of  the  money  of  the  Association.  To  do  this  in 
the  most  effective  way,  a  system  of  written  authorizations  has  been  devised. 
When  the  manager  needs  anything  for  any  team  he  makes  a  requisition 


of  the  Berkeley  High  School  25 

for  it  upon  the  purchasing  agent.  If  the  purchasing  agent  approves 
the  requisition,  he  recommends  that  the  Finance  Committee  make  the 
purchase.  Then  if  the  Finance  Committee  authorizes,  the  purchase  is 
made.  The  steps  are  here  given  m  detail  and  may  seem  to  be  compli- 
cated but  when  in  actual  use  are  exceedingly  simple.  The  operations 
are  as  follows: 

The  requisition,  the  recommendation  and  the  authorization  are  bound 
in  sets  (see  exhibit  B),  so  that  carbons  can  be  used.  The  manager 
specifies  on  all  three  the  articles  he  wants,  to  whom  or  how  they  should  be 
delivered,  and  the  team  for  which  they  are  to  be  used.  He  then  signs  so 
that  his  signature  appears  upon  both  the  requisition,  and  the  recommen- 
dation. The  set  is  then  presented  to  the  purchasing  agent.  If  he 
chooses  to  make  the  recommendation  he  fills  in  the  name  of  the  firm  from 
whom  the  goods  are  to  be  purchased  and  the  price  to  be  paid,  and  signs 
the  recommendation,  a  carbon  copy  of  his  signature  appearing  upon  the 
requisition  also.  The  set  is  then  presented  to  the  Finance  Committee. 
If  it  approves,  the  members  sign  so  that  carbon  copies  of  their  signatures 
appear  upon  all  papers  of  a  set. 

The  authorization  is  then  sent  to  the  merchant  as  an  order,  the 
requisition  is  returned  to  the  manager  as  a  notice  to  him  that  his  request 
has  been  granted,  and  that  he  should  expect  the  goods,  while  the  recom- 
mendation is  retained  by  the  auditor  to  be  used  in  checking  the  bill  when 
it  is  received. 

If  the  sum  is  greater  than  ten  dollars,  the  authorization,  if  signed,  is 
treated  as  being  a  recommendation  to  the  Board  of  Control  that  the  goods 
be  purchased.  If  passed  by  the  Board,  the  secretary  fills  in  the  notice 
at  the  bottom,  so  that  the  sanction  of  the  Board  appears  upon  all  the 
papers  in  the  set.  If  the  Committee  do  as  not  sign,  a  written  statement 
of  its  reasons  is  forwarded,  and  the  Board  either  accepts  or  rejects  the 
recommendation  of  the  Committee.  If  the  Board  rejects  the  recommend- 
ation of  the  Committee,  the  authorization  is  signed  by  the  president  and 
the  secretary,  after  the  action  of  the  Board  has  been  entered  upon  all  the 
papers. 

The  authorization  expects  the  vendor  of  the  goods  to  obtain  a  receipt 
from  the  person  to  whom  the  goods  are  delivered,  and  to  return  the  author- 
ization with  the  bill.  When  the  bill  is  received  by  the  auditor,  he  com- 
pares it  with  the  recommendation  in  his  hands  and  then  forwards  it  to  the 


26  Special  Features  in  the  jUministralion 

manager  to  get  his  report  upon  the  goods.  Upon  the  back  of  the  re- 
quisition the  manager  reports  whether  quantity,  quality,  condition,  time  of 
delivery,  etc.,  are  satisfactory.  The  requisition,  accompanied  by  the 
bill  is  then  sent  back  to  the  auditor. 

When  the  requisition  again  comes  from  the  manager,  the  auditor 
holds  the  bill,  the  requisition,  the  recommendation,  and  the  authorization. 
A  check  is  prepared,  but  not  signed,  for  the  payment  of  the  bill.  Then 
the  reports  for  the  manager  and  the  treasurer  of  the  payment  are  prepared 
by  using  carbons.  These  reports  are  upon  the  back  of  the  authorization 
and  the  recommendation  respectively.  They  give  the  demand  number 
and  date,  check  number  and  date,  name  of  the  fund  to  be  charged,  and 
the  nature  of  the  item,  a  record  of  the  entry,  and  the  condition  of  the 
fund  from  which  the  bill  was  paid.  When  these  reports  are  prepared, 
the  requisition  is  presented  to  the  treasurer,  so  that  by  his  signature  he 
can  authorize  the  payment  of  the  bill.  When  the  treasurer  signs  the 
instruction  to  the  auditor  for  the  payment  of  the  bill,  the  auditor  leaves 
with  the  treasurer  the  recommendation  with  the  auditor's  report  on  the 
payment.  Thus  the  treasurer  has  a  record  of  every  payment  he  has 
authorized.  This  record,  with  his  record  of  the  receipts,  gives  him  a  con- 
trolling record  upon  the  finances  of  the  Association.  When  the  check 
is  signed  by  the  auditor  he  sends  the  authorization  with  the  report  of  the 
payment  to  the  manager.  So  that  when  the  payment  is  made,  the  aud- 
itor, has  a  record  of  it  in  the  requisition  which  he  holds,  the  treasurer  in 
the  recommendation  given  to  him,  and  the  manager  in  the  authorization 
sent  to  him. 

The  checks  (see  exhibit  C)  used  in  making  payments  are  voucher 
checks,  so  that  the  endorsement  of  the  payee  acts  as  a  specific  receipt  for 
the  items  mentioned  on  the  voucher.  Checks  are  usually  mailed  to  the 
creditor.  They  are  never  drawn  payable  to  a  student  unless  he  is  the 
party  actually  entitled  to  the  money.  All  payments  are  by  check;  no  cash 
payments  are  made,  and  checks  are  seldom  given  to  a  student  to  deliver. 
If  the  checks  are  not  mailed,  a  receipt  for  the  check  is  required  from 
the  person  to  whom  the  check  was  delivered.  In  addition  to  the  record 
of  the  items  in  the  bill,  the  checks  have  marked  upon  them  the  autho- 
rization number,  the  demand  number  and  the  date  of  each.  This  is  done 
so  that  any  one  paper  is  an  aid  in  locating  all  the  other  papers  involved 
in  that  transaction. 


of  the  Berkeley  High  School  21 

Class  Finances 

Only  Senior  classes  are  permitted  to  form  organizations.  This  / 
leaves  only  a  June  class  and  a  December  class  for  any  year,  though 
the  method  followed  in  handling  the  money  of  each  class  is  in  no  way  re- 
stricted because  of  this  two-class  basis.  The  functions  given  by  each  class 
are  limited  in  number.  The  class  about  to  graduate  pays  for  a  class  ball, 
the  class  pictures  in  the  school  semi-annual,  and  guarantees  a  class  play; 
the  class  immediately  behind  it  pays  only  for  a  reception. 

After  the  class  organization  for  the  semester  is  completed  a  committee 
is  appointed  to  ascertain  the  necessary  expenses.  These  are  almost  stand- 
ardized; the  place,  the  kind  of  music,  programs,  decoration,  refreshments, 
vary  little  from  year  to  year.  By  dividing  the  sum  necessary  by  the 
number  of  students  in  the  class  the  amount  of  the  class  assessment  is  reached; 
seldom  more  than  one  dollar — when  the  class  is  very  small;  usually  fifty 
or  seventy-five  cents.  The  plans  of  the  committee  and  the  amount  of 
the  assessment  must  be  approved  by  the  principal. 

When  this  approval  is  given,  the  auditor  is  notified  of  the  amount 
of  the  assessment,  and  he  then  issues  to  the  collectors  appointed  by  the 
class  the  official  receipt  books.  These  books  are  furnished  to  the  classes 
at  cost.  They  contain  numbered  receipts  (see  exhibit  D)  each  bearing 
a  statement  that  "the  collection  is  authorized  by  the  principal  in  accord- 
ance with  the  rules  of  the  Board  of  Education."  Each  class  has  receipts 
of  a  particular  color,  no  two  in  any  one  calendar  year  being  the  same;  so 
that  the  color  of  the  receipt  alone,  shows  whether  the  holder  has  a  cur- 
rent receipt. 

Collectors  are  required  to  deposit  all  their  collections  each  day  with 
the  school  cashier.  The  deposit  is  made  to  the  credit  of  the  class  by 
the  depositor,  and  the  numbers  of  the  receipts  issued  for  the  money  re- 
ceived are  entered  upon  the  slip.  These  slips  are  made  in  duplicate,  the 
duplicate  being  given  to  the  class  treasurer  by  the  collector  when  report- 
ing on  his  collections  and  held  by  the  treasurer  as  charge-slips  against  the 
cashier  and  the  auditor.  The  auditor  keeps  a  record  of  the  deposits 
by  the  number  of  receipts.  When  the  collecting  is  finished,  the  stubs  and 
unissued  receipts  are  given  to  the  auditor  who  makes  from  the  stubs  a 
list  of  the  class  members  who  have  paid.  He  also  checks  the  deposits 
against  the  stubs.  The  collectors  are  responsible  for  the  value  of  the  book; 


28  Special  Features  in  the  Administration 

if  a  book  is  lost  they  must  prove  just  how  many  receipts  they  issued,  to 
whom,  etc.,  a  class  meeting  being  called  for  this  purpose  if  necessary. 

Class  Expenditures 

The  faculty  adviser  of  the  class  is  given  an  authorization  book,  (see 
exhibit  E)  containing  blank  authorizations  in  triplicate.  As  can  be  infer- 
red from  reading  one  of  these,  no  charge  against  the  class  or  school  can 
be  made  without  one  of  these  authorizations  properly  signed.  When  a 
proposed  expenditure  meets  with  the  approval  of  the  adviser,  the  author- 
ization is  signed  in  triplicate;  one  copy  being  retained,  another  going  to 
the  auditor,  and  the  third  being  given  to  the  person  authorized  to  incur 
the  charge  as  evidence  of  his  authority.  The  bills  are  sent  to  the  aud- 
itor, are  compared  with  the  duplicate  authorization  and  referred  to  the 
class  adviser,  or  class  treasurer. 

When  the  bill  is  to  be  paid  the  class  treasurer  writes  out  a  demand 
for  a  check,  (See  Exhibit  F),  has  this  demand  approved  by  the  class 
adviser,  who  signs  his  name  at  the  left  corner  and  gives  it  to  the  auditor 
who  issues  the  check,  usually  by  mailing  it  with  the  bill  to  the  creditor. 

The  Weekly  News 

The  advertisements  for  the  Weekly  News  are  all  obtained  under 
contract  (See  exhibit  G)  so  that  there  is  no  difficulty  about  rates,  time  of 
issue,  withdrawals,  etc.  Upon  the  day  of  issue  the  manager  files  with 
the  auditor  a  copy  of  the  paper  containing  the  advertisements  marked 
with  the  contract  number,  price  to  be  charged,  etc.,  and  the  contracts 
themselves,  if  they  are  not  already  on  file.  From  this  data  the  receipts 
(See  exhibit  H)  are  made  out  and  then  given  to  the  manager  for  collec- 
tion, the  stub  being  retained.  When  the  collections  have  been  made, 
the  money  is  deposited  and  a  statement  of  the  collections  made  is  filed 
with  the  auditor.  The  auditor  then  makes  his  report  to  the  faculty 
adviser  for  the  paper.  This  report  is  a  simple  statement  of  the  finances, 
informing  the  adviser  about  the  resources  of  the  paper.  When  this  re- 
port has  been  received,  the  adviser  approves  the  demands  drawn  by  the 
manager  for  the  payment  of  the  bills.  These  demands  entitle  the  man- 
ager to  receive  the  checks  called  for,  so  that  the  creditors  of  the  paper 
can  be  paid. 

The  paper  has  always  yielded  a  surplus.     The  expenses  are  print- 


of  the  Berkeley  High  School  29 

ing  and  an  allowance  of  $1 .50  a  week  to  both  the  editor  and  manager. 
The  surplus  accumulated  is  used  to  meet  any  deficit  incurred  in  the  pub- 
lication of  The  Olla  Podrida.  After  this  has  been  met,  the  editor  and 
manager  are  paid  the  difference  between  what  they  have  received  weekly 
and  the  sum  of  $50.00"  each.  If  these  payments  do  not  exhaust  the 
surplus,  the  editor  and  manager  each  receive  1  0  per  cent  of  the  remainder 
and  the  rest  is  turned  into  the  General  Fund  of  the  student  body. 

The  Class  Play 

Each  semester  a  play  is  given  by  the  graduating  class.  The  senior 
class  adviser  has  charge  of  the  production,  the  auditor,  of  finances. 

The  sale  of  tickets  is  conducted  by  the  secretary  of  the  high  school 
and  tickets  are  sold  in  the  high  school  office  only.  This  simplifies  ac- 
counting and  prevents  the  customary  disputes  over  "lost"  and  "compli- 
mentary" tickets.  There  are  no  expenses  for  advertising,  as  this  is  man- 
aged by  the  class  in  journalism,  which  writes  notices  of  the  play  not  only 
for  the  Weekly  News,  the  school  paper,  but  also  for  the  local  papers. 
Through  this  co-operation  expenses  are  reduced  to  a  minimum. 

The  box  sales  are  handled  by  some  member  of  the  faculty  who 
deposits  with  the  auditor.  The  expenses  attached  to  the  play  are  handled 
by  authorizations  issued  by  the  class  adviser. 

School  entertainments  are  handled  in  the  same  way,  there  being  a 
faculty  adviser  in  charge  who  issues  the  necessary  authorizations. 

The  Olla  Podrida 

About  800  copies  of  The  Olla  Podrida  are  issued  each  time  at  a 
cost  of  $650  to  $750.  Since  advertisements  in  The  Olla  Podrida  have 
been  discontinued,  the  funds  must  be  obtained  from  places  other  than 
the  merchants  of  the  city.  An  apportionment  given  by  the  Board  of 
Control,  usually  $300  a  semester  and  the  sale  of  the  book,  netting 
from  $300  to  $375,  are  the  principal  sources.  If  there  is  a  deficit,  the 
editor  and  manager  must  meet  it  out  of  the  surplus  accumulated  by  the 
Weekly  News. 

The  expenditures  are  handled  just  the  same  as  those  of  any  other 
activity  supported  by  the  Association,  the  two  largest  items  being  the 
engraving  and  the  printing.  The  engraving  contract  has  to  be  handled 
differently  from  the  others.  This  contract  is  in  effect  a  quotation  of  rates, 


30  Special  Features  in  the  Administration 

the  amount  of  engraving  to  be  done  depending  upon  the  amount  of  copy 
submitted.  If  the  submission  of  the  copy  were  left  to  the  unchecked  wishes 
of  the  manager,  the  bill  might  be  more  than  could  be  paid,  for  the 
manager  naturally  desires  to  issue  the  best  paper  yet  published.  So 
with  every  order  for  engraving  is  sent  an  authorization  (see  exhibit  E) 
signed  by  the  adviser  for  the  paper.  This  gives  the  adviser  and  auditor 
who  receives  the  duplicate,  information  as  to  just  how  the  engraving  bill  is 
growing,  for  the  authorization  has  specified  the  amount  and  price. 

In  order  to  secure  good  pictures  for  the  Olla  Podrida,  the  school 
purchased  a  Graflex  camera  and  photographic  outfit  of  the  finest  kind. 
The  photographic  staff  of  the  paper  uses  this  camera  to  good  advantage 
in  taking  the  scenes  that  are  most  characteristic  of  our  school  life.  From 
these  are  selected  the  pictures  that  are  to  appear  in  the  final,  while  the 
others  are  put  on  sale  at  a  price  just  large  enough  to  cover  the  cost. 
After  the  final  has  been  issued  any  pictures  printed  there  can  be  pur- 
chased also.  The  income  from  this  source  is  not  very  large;  it  is  not  in- 
tended as  a  revenue  producer,  but  as  a  means  of  giving  the  pupils  pictures 
that  they  otherwise  would  not  have.  The  sale  of  these  pictures  is  handled 
by  the  duplicate-deposit  system.  Pictures  and  prices  are  posted.  Those 
who  wish  any,  deposit  the  money  with  the  cashier  and  use  the  dupli- 
cate deposit  slip  as  a  combined  order  and  payment  on  the  student  print- 
ing the  pictures. 

The  sale  of  the  Olla  Podrida  illustrates  the  method  of  handling 
ticket  sales.  These  tickets  are  printed  by  the  auditor  upon  ihe  request 
of  those  who  are  to  use  them.  They  are  numbered  as  are  all  tickets  of 
this  kind  used  in  the  school.  (See  exhibit  I).  The  auditor  issues  these 
to  those  appointed  to  sell  them,  holding  the  receiver  of  each  lot  person- 
ally responsible  for  the  tickets  in  his  possession.  Students  who  lose 
their  tickets,  report  their  loss  to  the  auditor  and  a  watch  is  kept  for  the 
number  reported.  If  such  a  ticket  is  not  presented,  and  the  ownership 
fully  proved,  a  duplicate  is  issued,  or  a  paper  given.  The  final  distrib- 
ution of  the  Olla  Podrida  to  the  holders  of  the  tickets  or  coupons  is  un- 
der the  immediate  supervision  of  the  auditor.  The  papers  are  deliv- 
ered to  him  by  the  printer,  their  number  is  checked,  and  an  accurate  rec- 
ord kept  of  the  coupon  distribution.  The  complimentary  list  is  suggested 
by  the  manager,  and  approved  by  the  Finance  Committee. 


of  the  Berkeley  High  School  31 

School  Fees 

In  the  Chemistry,  Physics,  Art,  and  Manual  Training  classes  a  fee 
to  cover  the  cost  of  the  materials  and  supplies  used  is  charged.  These 
fees  are  all  paid  to  the  auditor.  The  lumber  used  in  the  Manual 
Training  classes  in  the  manufacture  of  articles  retained  by  the  makers  as 
their  individual  property  must  be  paid  for,  and  any  purchases  of  articles 
finished  in  the  classes,  as  well  as  any  payments  on  account  of  loss,  damage, 
or  breakage  of  tools  or  equipment  must  be  made  through  the  office  of 
the  auditor.  In  all  these  cases,  bills  are  made  out  by  the  teacher  and 
held  until  the  pupil  charged  turns  in  a  duplicate  deposit  slip  showing  that 
the  amount  of  the  payment  has  been  made  to  the  cashier.  The  Chem- 
istry and  Physics  laboratory  breakage  fees  are  paid  in  the  same  way; 
and  also  key  deposits. 

The  various  temporary  organizations,  such  as  social  clubs,  benefit 
collections,  etc.,  are  handled  in  this  way. 

The  Cafeteria 

The  bookkeeping  necessary  for  the  school  cafeteria  is  done  under 
the  supervision  of  the  auditor.  The  cash  register  operators  deposit  the 
daily  receipts  and  leave  their  duplicate  along  with  their  report  of  the  day's 
business  with  the  auditor.  The  cafeteria  bookkeeper  reads  the  dials  and 
checks  up  on  the  reports  made.  He  also  receives  the  sales  slips,  and 
checks  up  the  statements  received  from  the  creditors.  The  checks  are 
made  out  by  him  and  'sent  to  the  teacher  in  charge  of  the  cafeteria,  who 
approves  them.  They  are  then  signed  by  the  principal.  The  cash 
register  slips  are  segregated  so  that  figures  as  to  the  number  of  customers, 
the  average  purchase,  etc.,  can  be  had. 

The  Bookkeeping  Records 

The  bookkeeping  records  are  as  simple  as  possible.  The  method  of 
handling  receipts  and  payments  helps  make  the  work  easy.  There  is  a 
deposit  slip  for  every  cent  received;  there  is  a  demand  for  every  cent  paid 
out;  there  is  a  check  issued  for  every  payment.  The  actual  books  of  record 
comprise  a  cash  book,  a  journal  and  a  ledger. 

The  cash  book  is  of  the  simplest  kind,  and  the  entries  represent  only 
summaries  of  the  day's  business  so  far  as  receipts  are  involved.  Every  pay- 
ment is  itemized  and  a  record  made  of  the  demand  number  and  the  check 


32  Special  Features  in  the  Administration 

issued  in  payment  therefor.  The  method  of  handling  the  day's  receipts 
explains  the  simplicity  of  the  cash  book  entries.  All  of  the  deposit  slips 
used  have  printed  in  the  lower  left  hand  comer,  the  words,  Teller,  Dup- 
licate, Cashier,  Bookkeeper.  (See  Exhibit  J) 

The  teller  receiving  the  deposit  initials  the  slip  and  keeps  the  coin 
and  the  slip  in  his  drawer.  At  the  end  of  the  period  during  which  he 
serves  as  teller,  he  turns  over  to  the  cashier  or  the  assistant  cashier,  his 
coin  and  the  slips.  The  cashier  initials  every  slip  he  accepts,  thus  giving 
the  teller  a  receipt  for  the  money.  At  the  end  of  the  day  when  the  de- 
posit for  the  bank  is  prepared,  all  the  deposit  slips  for  the  day  are  col- 
lected according  to  the  accounts  which  are  to  be  credited.  An  adding 
machine  slip  is  made  and  this  slip  with  the  deposit  slips  are  stapled  to- 
gether. The  deposit  ticket  on  the  bank  is  then  made  out  in  duplicate. 
On  the  back  of  the  duplicate  deposit  slip  is  entered  a  summary  of  the  ac- 
counts with  the  amounts  received  to  the  credit  of  each.  These  are  then 
presented  to  the  auditor,  who,  after  checking  the  deposit  slips,  signs  the 
deposit  ticket  which  goes  to  the  bank.  The  stapled  bunches  of  slips 
are  then  filed  according  to  dates  and  the  entry  made  in  the  cash  book, 
each  account  being  credited  with  the  total  of  the  deposits  for  the  day. 
From  the  cash  book  they  are  posted  by  a  bookkeeper. 

When  demands  for  checks  are  presented,  an  entry  of  the  demand 
is  made  in  the  cash  book  as  though  the  bill  had  been  paid,  and  when  the 
check  is  actually  issued,  usually  within  a  very  few  minutes,  the  check 
number  is  added,  if  it  has  not  been  entered  already. 

Because  a  balance-column  ledger;  i.  e.,  one  having  a  third  column 
for  the  balance,  could  not  be  obtained,  an  ordinary  ledger  ruling  was  used. 
Deposits  are  entered  on  the  credit  side  of  the  account;  withdraw- 
als on  the  debit  side.  When  an  authorization  is  presented  an  entry  is 
made  direct  from  the  authorization  into  the  ledger  as  though  the  authori- 
zation represented  a  payment  already  made,  except  that  in  the  column 
used  for  the  check  numbers  no  entry  is  made.  The  explanation  column 
is  always  used  to  show  what  was  purchased.  None  can  be  made  at 
•  that  time  for  the  check  has  not  yet  been  issued.  This  kind  of  entry  is 
necessary  where  the  amount  that  can  be  authorized  is  kept  within  the 
amount  to  the  credit  of  the  account.  When  the  payment  has  been  made 
by  means  of  the  check  issued,  the  posting  entry  is  made  by  writing  the 
checked  number  in  the  column  used  only.  If  a  ledger  with  a  three  col- 


of  the  Berkeley  High  School  33 

umn  were  used,  one  column  could  contain  the  debits,  the  next  the  auth- 
orizations, and  the  third,  payments;  then  the  two  balances  could  be 
obtained  at  once.  As  the  adapted  ledger  is  now,  one  must  always  look 
over  the  debit  side  to  see  whether  all  the  authorizations  have  been  paid 
before  he  can  select  those  items  that  represent  payments,  from  those  which 
represent  authorizations  pending,  so  that  a  calculation  is  always  neces- 
sary before  one  can  find  the  exact  cash  balance,  though  the  working  bal- 
ance is  readily  found  as  being  the  difference  between  the  debit  and  the 
credit  sides.  As  this  working  balance  is  the  one  most  often  referred  to, 
the  occasional  calculation  of  the  cash  balance  is  not  troublesome. 

The  journal  is  used  when  transfers  are  made  from  one  account  to 
another  without  demand  or  checks  being  written.  Closing  entries,  cor- 
rections, etc.,  are  also  handled  through  the  journal. 

The  demands  are  filed  according  to  the  account  involved.  Each 
account  has  its  place  in  our  filing  system,  and  each  has  its  key  number 
which  appears  all  the  way  through.  For  example,  football  has  the 
number  2000.  All  authorizations  on  this  fund  are  numbered  in  the  2000 
series,  as  2001,  2002,  etc.  As  far  as  possible  all  papers  connected  with 
each  account  carries  this  key  number,  so  that  filing  is  thereby  facilitated, 
and  errors  in  posting  are  prevented,  for  the  entry  of  the  number  shows  at 
once  whether  the  entry  was  right. 

No  statements  are  prepared,  though  summaries  of  expenditures,  cash 
reserved  for  authorizations  pending,  etc.,  are  issued  from  time  to  time. 


34 


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THIS  TICKET  ENTITLES  HOLDER 
TO  ONE 

FINAL  POD 

CHRISTMAS,  1913 


50  Cents 


No.  372 
EXHIBIT  I 


50  Cents 


City  of  Berkeley,  Cal.  School  Savings  System 

._  No.-_ 


Deposited  With 

HOMESTEAD  SAVINGS  BANK 
B.  H.  S.  Savings  Department 
Berkeley,  Cal  __  _191 


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DOLLARS 

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Currency 

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Bookkeeper 

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UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  LIBRARY 


